Introduction
When you’re pregnant, your body goes through a lot of changes—some are exciting, and others can be a bit concerning. One condition that many women don’t think about until they’re pregnant is gestational diabetes (GD). Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, and while it’s not uncommon, managing it properly is important for the health of both mom and baby. But don’t worry—gestational diabetes can be controlled with the right approach, and understanding what it is and how to manage it is the first step.
What is Gestational Diabetes?
Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that only occurs during pregnancy. It happens when your body can’t produce enough insulin to meet the needs of both you and your baby. Insulin is the hormone that helps regulate blood sugar (glucose), so without it working properly, your blood sugar levels can rise.
The good news is that gestational diabetes can be managed effectively. With the right changes to your diet, exercise, and sometimes medication, you can keep your blood sugar in check and have a healthy pregnancy.
Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes
While all pregnant women are at risk for developing gestational diabetes, some factors can make you more likely to develop it. If any of these apply to you, you should be more vigilant and talk to your doctor about monitoring your blood sugar levels:
- Age: Women over 25 are at a higher risk of developing GD.
- Family history: If you have a family history of diabetes, your risk increases.
- Obesity or inactivity: Being overweight or not getting enough physical activity can contribute to insulin resistance, raising your risk.
- Previous gestational diabetes: If you’ve had [GD] during a previous pregnancy, you’re more likely to develop it again.
- Ethnic background: Women of Hispanic, African American, Native American, or Asian descent are at higher risk.
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): This condition, which affects hormone levels, can increase the risk of developing gestational diabetes.
Symptoms of Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes often doesn’t show noticeable symptoms, which is why regular screening is so important during pregnancy. However, some women may experience symptoms like:
- Increased thirst: Feeling unusually thirsty, even after drinking water.
- Frequent urination: This is due to the body trying to get rid of excess glucose.
- Fatigue: Feeling constantly tired or sluggish, even after resting.
- Blurry vision: High blood sugar can cause changes in your vision, leading to blurred sight.
If you’re experiencing any of these, it’s a good idea to bring them up with your healthcare provider, especially if you’re at risk for gestational diabetes.
How is Gestational Diabetes Diagnosed?
Gestational diabetes is usually diagnosed between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy through a routine glucose screening test. There are two main types of tests:
1. Glucose Challenge Test (GCT): You’ll drink a sugary solution, and your blood sugar levels are tested an hour later. If your levels are too high, you’ll need to undergo the second test.
2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): For this test, you’ll fast overnight and drink a sugary solution. Your blood sugar is tested at multiple intervals (usually over the course of two hours). If your blood sugar remains high during the test, you’ll be diagnosed with gestational diabetes.
Potential Complications for the Mother and Baby
When gestational diabetes is not well-controlled, it can lead to complications for both you and your baby:
- For the Mother: If you have gestational diabetes, you’re at higher risk for developing high blood pressure or preeclampsia, a serious pregnancy complication. There’s also an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.
- For the Baby: Babies born to mothers with uncontrolled gestational diabetes are at risk for macrosomia (being born large), which may lead to complications during delivery, such as the need for a caesarean section. Babies may also be born prematurely or have trouble with low blood sugar after birth. Long-term, they may be at higher risk for obesity and Type 2 diabetes.
Managing Blood Sugar During Pregnancy
The good news is that gestational diabetes can be managed effectively with lifestyle changes. Here’s how you can keep your blood sugar levels under control:
1. Dietary Changes
Eating a balanced diet is key to managing gestational diabetes. Focus on:
- Whole grains (brown rice, whole wheat bread, oats).
- Lean proteins (chicken, fish, eggs).
- Healthy fats (avocados, olive oil, nuts).
- Plenty of vegetables provide vitamins and fiber.
Additionally, carb counting is important.
2. Exercise
Regular physical activity can help lower blood sugar levels by improving how your body uses insulin. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week. Walking, swimming, and prenatal yoga are all excellent options that are safe during pregnancy.
3. Monitoring Blood Sugar Levels
You’ll need to check your blood sugar levels regularly—usually several times a day. Your doctor will guide you on the target range for your blood sugar and how often to test.
4. Medications
If diet and exercise aren’t enough to control your blood sugar, your doctor may prescribe insulin or oral medications. Insulin is safe during pregnancy and can be adjusted to help manage blood sugar levels.
5. Regular Check-Ups
It’s important to attend regular prenatal visits to track your progress and monitor any changes. Your healthcare provider will help you stay on top of managing your blood sugar levels and will adjust your treatment plan if necessary.
After Pregnancy: What Happens Next?
Once you’ve given birth, your blood sugar levels should return to normal, but you’ll still need to get checked for Type 2 diabetes after a few months. About 50% of women who have had gestational diabetes develop Type 2 diabetes later in life, so regular monitoring is important. Maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, and staying active can significantly reduce your risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
Breastfeeding has also been shown to help regulate blood sugar levels, so it’s a great way to support your health and your baby’s health post-pregnancy.
Final words
Gestational diabetes can be a concern during pregnancy, but with proper management, both you and your baby can stay healthy. By making smart lifestyle choices, monitoring your blood sugar, and working closely with a healthcare provider, you can keep your pregnancy on track and minimise risks.
